Oral Oncology
Volume 40, Issue 9 , Pages 872-878 , October 2004

Neck irradiation, carotid injury and its consequences

Received 20 November 2003 ,Accepted 1 December 2003.

References 

  1. Moritz MW, Higgins RF, Jacobs JR. Duplex imaging and incidence of carotid radiation injury after high-dose radiotherapy for tumors of the head and neck. Arch. Surg. 1990;125(9):1181–1183
  2. Lam WW, Leung SF, So NM, Wong KS, Liu KH, Ku PK, et al.  Incidence of carotid stenosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy. Cancer. 2001;92(9):2357–2363
  3. Cheng SW, Ting AC, Lam LK, Wei WI. Carotid stenosis after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000;126(4):517–521
  4. McGuirt WF, Feehs RS, Bond G, Strickland JL, McKinney WM. Irradiation-induced atherosclerosis: a factor in therapeutic planning. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1992;101(3):222–228
  5. Halak M, Fajer S, Ben-Meir H, Loberman Z, Weller B, Karmeli R. Neck irradiation: a risk factor for occlusive carotid artery disease. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2002;23(4):299–302
  6. Murros KE, Toole JF. The effect of radiation on carotid arteries. A review article. Arch. Neurol. 1989;46(4):449–455
  7. Lopez M, El-Bayar H, Hye RJ, Freischlag J. Carotid artery disease in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Am. Surg. 1990;56(12):778–781
  8. Lam WW, Yuen HY, Wong KS, Leung SF, Liu KH, Metreweli C. Clinically underdetected asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis as a late complication of radiotherapy in Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Head Neck. 2001;23(9):780–784
  9. Dorresteijn LDA, Kappelle AC, Boogerd W, et al.  Increased risk of ischemic stroke after radiotherapy on the neck in patients younger than 60 years. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001;20:282–288
  10. Kallfass E, Kramling HJ, Schultz-Hector S. Early inflammatory reaction of the rabbit coeliac artery wall after combined intraoperative (IORT) and external (ERT) irradiation. Radiother. Oncol. 1996;39:167–178
  11. Vos J, Aarnoudse MW, Dijk F, Lamberts HB. On the cellular origin and development of atheromatous plaques. A light and electron microscopic study on combined X-ray and hypercholesterinemia-induced atheromatosis in the carotid artery of rabbit. Virchows Arch. (Cell Pathol.). 1983;43:1–16
  12. Arnoudse MW, Lamberts HB, Dijk F, Vos J, de Vries AJ. Monocytes and radiation-induced atheromatosis in rabbits. Virchows Arch. (Cell Pathol.). 1984;47:211–216
  13. Witte L, Fuks Z, Haimoritz-Friedman A, Vlodawsky I, Goodman DS, Eldor A. Effects of irradiation on the release of growth factors from cultured bovine, porcine and human endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 1989;49:5066–5072
  14. O'Connor MM, Mayberg MR. Effects of radiation on cerebral vasculature. Neurosurgery. 2000;46(1):138–151
  15. Sherman ML, Dalta R, Hallahan DE, Weichselbaum RR, Kufe DW. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor gene expression by ionizing radiation in human myeloid leukemia cells and peripheral blood monocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1991;87:1794–1797
  16. Iwamoto KS, McBride WH. Production of 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid and tumor necrosis factor by murine peritoneal macrophages in response to irradiation. Radiat. Res. 1994;139:103–108
  17. Hallahan DE, Spriggs DR, Beckett MA, Kufe DW, Weichselbaum RR. Increased tumor necrosis factor alpha MRNA after cellular exposure to ionizing radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1989;86
  18. Krivenko S, Dryk S, Komarovskaya M, Karkamjta L. Ionizing radiation increases TNF/cachectin production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Int. J. Hematol. 1992;55:127–130
  19. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagtor S, et al.  A definition of initial fatty steak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis: a report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis. American Heart Association. Circulation. 1994;89:2462–2478
  20. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Pathogenesis of plaque disruption. In:  Fuster V,  Ross R,  Topol EJ editor. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Vol. 2:Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996;p. 492–510
  21. Ross R. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. New Engl. J. Med. 1999;340:115–126
  22. De Jong GI, Furkas E, Stienstra CM, Plan JR, Keijser JN, de la Torre JC, et al.  Cerebral hypoperfusion yields capillary damage in the hippocarnpal CAI area that correlates with spatial memory impairment. Neuroscience. 1999;91(1):203–210
  23. Chung TS, Yousem DM, Lexa FJ, Markiewcz DA. MRI of carotid angiography after therapeutic irradiation. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1994;18(4):533–538
  24. Feehs RS, McGuirt WF, Bond MG, Strickland HL, Craven TE, Hiltbrand JR. Irradiation. A significant risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1991;117(10):1135–1137
  25. Cheng SW, Wu LL, Ting AC, Lau H, Lam LK, Wei WI. Irradiation-induced extracranial carotid stenosis in patients with head and neck malignancies. Am. J. Surg. 1999;178(4):323–328
  26. Muzaffar K, Collins Sl, Labropoulos N, Baker WH. A prospective study of the effects of irradiation on the carotid artery. Laryngoscope. 2000;110(11):1811–1814
  27. So NM, Lam WW, Chook P, Woo KS, Liu KH, Leung SF, et al.  Carotid intima–media thickness in patients with head and neck irradiation for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin. Radiol. 2002;57(7):600–603
  28. Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Clegg LX, Sharrett AR, et al.  Carotid wall thickness is predictive of incident clinical stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000;151(5):478–487
  29. Zureik M, Ducimetiere P, Touboul P-J, Courbon D, Bonithon-Kopp C, Berr C, et al.  Common carotid intima–media thickness predicts occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: longitudinal results from the aging vascular study (EVA) study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000;20(6):1622–1629
  30. King LJ, Hasnain SN, Webb JA, et al.  Asymptomatic carotid arterial disease in young patients following neck radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma. Radiology. 1999;213(1):167–172
  31. Goddard AJ, Mendelow AD, Birchall D. Computed tomography angiography in the investigation of carotid stenosis. Clin. Radiol. 2001;56(7):523–534
  32. Fayad ZA, Fuster V, Mikolaon K, Becker C. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for non invasive coronary angiography and plaque imaging: current and potential future concepts. Circulation. 2002;106(15):2026–2034
  33. Atkinson JLD, Sundt TM, Dale AJD, Cascino TL, Nichols DA. Radiation-associated atheromatous disease of the cervical carotid artery: a report of seven cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1989;24:171–178
  34. Streifler JY, Eliasziw M, Benavente OR, Harbison JW, Hachinski VC, Barrett HJ, et al.  The risk of stroke in patients with first ever retinal vs hemispheric transient ischemic attacks and high grade carotid stenosis: North American symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial. Arch. Neurol. 1995;52(3):246–249
  35. Benavente O, Eliasziw M, Streifler JY, Fox AJ, Barnett HJM, Meldrum H. Prognosis after transient monocular blindness associated with carotid artery stenosis. New Engl. J. Med. 2001;345:1084–1090
  36. Lawrence PF, Oderich GS. Ophthalmologic findings as predictors of carotid artery disease. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2002;36(6):415–424
  37. Sauve JS, Laupacis A, Ostbye T, Feagan B, Sackett DI. The radional clinical examination. Does this patient have a clinically important carotid bruit?. JAMA. 1993;270(23):2843–2845
  38. Mead GE, Wardlaw JM, Lewis SC, McDowall M, Dennis MS. Can simple clinical features be used to identify patients with severe carotid stenosis on Doppler ultrasound?. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 1999;66(1):16–19
  39. August M, Wang J, Plante D, Wang CC. Complications associated with therapeutic neck irradiation. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1996;54:1409–1415
  40. Tong Y, Royle J. Outcome of patients with symptomless carotid bruits: a prospective study. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1996;4(2):174–180
  41. Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet. 1998;351(9113):1379–1387
  42. Abayomi O. Pathogenesis of cognitive decline following therapeutic irradiation for head and neck tumors. Acta Oncol. 2002;41(4):346–351
  43. Cheung M, Chan AS, Law SC, Chan JH, Tse VK. Cognitive function of patients with and without temporal lobe necrosis. Arch. Neurol. 2000;57:1347–1352
  44. Lee DWH, Hung BKM, Woo EKW, Tai PTH, Choi DTK. Effects of radiation therapy on neuropsychological function in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 1989;52:488–492
  45. Leung SF, Kreel L, Tsao Y. Asymptomatic temporal lobe injury after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: incidence and determinants. Br. J. Radiol. 1992;65:710–714
  46. Hua MS, Chen ST, Tung LM, Leung WM. Neuropsychological function in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1998;20(5):684–693
  47. Squire LR, Zola-Morgan S. The medial temporal memory system. Science. 1991;253:1380–1386
  48. De la Torre JC, Fortin T, Park GAS, et al.  Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency induces dementia-like deficits in aged rats. Brain Res. 1992;582:186–195
  49. Pappas BA, de la Torre JC, Davidson CM, Keyes MT, Fortin T. Chronic reduction of cerebral blood flow in the adult rat: late emerging CAI cell loss and memory dysfunction. Brain Res. 1996;708:50–58
  50. Wannamethee SG. Risk factors for stroke: overview. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 1999;6(4):199–202
  51. MacMahon S, Rodgers A. Blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment and stroke risk. J. Hypertens. (Suppl.). 1994;12(10):S5–S14
  52. White WB. Cardiovascular risk and ambulatory blood pressure. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 1999;1(6):509–511
  53. Hankey GJ. Smoking and risk of stroke. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 1999;6(4):207–211
  54. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Physical activity and the prevention of stroke. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 1999;6(4):213–216
  55. Kuller LH. Epidemiology and prevention of stroke, now and in the future. Epidemiol. Rev. 2000;22(1):14–17
  56. Di Masio R, Marchioli R, Tognoni G. Cholesterol reduction and stroke occurrence: an overview of randomized clinical trials. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2000;10(2):85–92
  57. Gubitz G, Sandercock P. Prevention of ischemic stroke. BMJ. 2000;321:1455–1459
  58. Wolf PA, Ciggett GP, Easton JD, et al.  Preventing ischemic stroke in patients with prior stroke and transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke. 1999;30(9):1991–1994
  59. Corti R, Fuster V, Fayad ZA, et al.  Lipid lowering by simvastatin induces regression of human atherosclerotic lesions: two years follow-up by high resolution noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2002;106:2884–2887
  60. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Chan KS, Hennekens CH. Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke, and total mortality. An overview of randomized trials. JAMA. 1997;278(4):313–321
  61. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al.  Reduction in carotid arterial wall thickness using lovastatin and dietary therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann. Int. Med. 1996;124(6):548–556
  62. Lonn E. Modifying the natural history of atherosclerosis: the SECURE trial. Int. J. Clin. Pract. Suppl. 2001;(117):13–18
  63. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators . Effects of an angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. New Engl. J. Med. 2000;342:145–153
  64. Executive Committee for The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study . Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1421–1428
  65. Loftus CM, Biller J, Hart MN, Cornell Sh, Hiratzka LF. Management of radiation induced accelerated carotid atherosclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 1987;44:711–714
  66. Kashyap VS, Moore WS, Quinones-Baldrich WJ. Carotid artery repair for radiation associated atherosclerosis is a safe and durable procedure. J. Vasc. Surg. 1999;29:90–99
  67. Hassen-Khodja R, Sala F, Declemy S, Lagrange J, Bouillane P, Batt M. Surgical management of atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis after cranial radiation therapy. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 2000;14:608–611
  68. Rockman CB, Riles TS, Frederick SF, Adelman MA, Lamparello PJ. The surgical management of carotid artery stenosis in patients with previous neck irradiation. Am. J. Surg. 1996;172:191–195
  69. Leseche C, Castier Y, Chataigner O, et al.  Carotid artery revascularization through a radiated field. J. Vasc. Surg. 2003;38(2):244–250
  70. Andros G, Schneider PA, Harris RW, Dulawa LB, Oblath RW, Salles-Cunha SX. Management of arterial occlusive disease following radiation therapy. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1996;4(2):135–142
  71. Melliere D, Becquemin JP, Berrahal D, Desgranges P, Cavillon A. Management of radiation-induced occlusive arterial disease: a reassessment. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. (Torino). 1997;38(3):261–269
  72. Al-Mubarak N, Roubin GS, Iyer SS, Gomez Cr, Liu MW, Vitek JJ. Carotid stenting for severe radiation-induced extracranial carotid occlusive disease. J. Endovasc. Ther. 2000;7(1):36–40
  73. Carmody BJ, Arora S, Avena R, Curry KM, Simpkins J, Cosby K, et al.  Accelerated carotid artery disease after high-dose head and neck radiotherapy: is there a role for routine carotid duplex surveillance?. J. Vasc. Surg. 1999;30(6):1045–1051
  74. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland J. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 year's observation on male British doctors. BMJ. 1994;309(6959):901–911
  75. Shah JP. Patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am. J. Surg. 1990;160:405–409
  76. Buckley JG, MacLennan K. Cervical node metastases in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer: a prospective analysis of prevalence and distribution. Head Neck. 2000;22:380–385
  77. Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Robbins KT, et al.  Changing concepts in the surgical management of the cervical node metastasis. Oral Oncol. 2003;39:429–435
  78. Myers EN, Crastman BR. Neck dissection: an operation in evolution. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:14–25
  79. Robbins KT, Atkinson JLD, Byers RM, Cohen JI, Lavertu P, Pellitteri P. The use and misuse of neck dissection for head and neck cancer. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2001;193(1):91–102

PII: S1368-8375(03)00273-2

doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2003.12.005

Oral Oncology
Volume 40, Issue 9 , Pages 872-878 , October 2004

Article Tools