Oral Oncology
Volume 39, Issue 3 , Pages 207-212 , April 2003

Neck disease and distant metastases

  • Eric M. Genden

      Affiliations

    • Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
    • ,
  • Alfio Ferlito

      Affiliations

    • Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Udine, Policlinico Universitario, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, I-33100 Udine, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39-0432-559302; fax: +39-0432-559339
    • ,
  • Patrick J. Bradley

      Affiliations

    • Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
    • ,
  • Alessandra Rinaldo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Udine, Policlinico Universitario, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, I-33100 Udine, Italy
    • ,
  • Crispian Scully

      Affiliations

    • International Centres for Excellence in Dentistry, and Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences UCL, University of London, London, UK

Received 20 May 2002 ,Accepted 20 June 2002.

References 

  1. Pfister DG, Shaha AR, Harrison LB. The role of chemotherapy in the curative treatment of head and neck cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1997;6:749–768
  2. Liotta LA. Cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Sci Am. 1992;266:54–59, 62–63
  3. Markus G. The relevance of plasminogen activators to neoplastic growth. A review of recent literature. Enzyme. 1988;40:158–172
  4. Petruzzelli GJ. Tumor angiogenesis. Head Neck. 1996;18:283–291
  5. Folkman J. The role of angiogenesis in tumor growth. Semin Cancer Biol. 1992;3:65–71
  6. Woolgar JA, Scott J. Prediction of cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue/floor of mouth. Head Neck. 1995;17:463–472
  7. DeSanto LW, Holt JJ, Beahrs OH, O'Fallon WM. Neck dissection (is it worthwhile?). Laryngoscope. 1982;92:502–509
  8. Shah JP, Candela FC, Poddar AK. The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer. 1990;66:109–113
  9. Woolgar JA. Micrometastasis in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (incidence, histopathological features and clinical implications). Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;37:181–186
  10. Ferlito A, Shaha AR, Silver CE, Rinaldo A, Mondin V. Incidence and sites of distant metastases from head and neck cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2001;63:202–207
  11. Ferlito A, Rinaldo A. Controversies in the treatment of N0 neck in laryngeal cancer (neck dissection, no surgery or sentinel lymph node biopsy?). ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2000;62:287–289
  12. Bradfield JS, Scruggs RP. Carcinoma of the mobile tongue (incidence of cervical metastases in early lesions related to method of primary treatment). Laryngoscope. 1983;93:1332–1336
  13. Fries R, Platz H, Wagner R, Strickler A, Grabner H, Kranzl B, et al.  Carcinoma of the oral cavity (on the prognostic significance of the primary tumour site (by levels and areas)). J Maxillofac Surg. 1979;7:15–31
  14. Hermans R, Van den Bogaert W, Rijnders A, Doornaert P, Baert AL. Predicting the local outcome of glottic squamous cell carcinoma after definitive radiation therapy (value of computed tomography-determined tumour parameters). Radiother Oncol. 1999;50:39–46
  15. Mancuso AA, Mukherji SK, Schmalfuss I, Mendenhall W, Parsons J, Pameijer F, et al.  Preradiotherapy computed tomography as a predictor of local control in supraglottic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:631–637
  16. Pameijer FA, Mancuso AA, Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, Mukherji SK, Hermans R, et al.  Evaluation of pretreatment computed tomography as a predictor of local control in T1/T2 pyriform sinus carcinoma treated with definitive radiotherapy. Head Neck. 1998;20:159–168
  17. Spiro RH, Huvos AG, Wong GY, Spiro JD, Gnecco CA, Strong EW. Predictive value of tumor thickness in squamous carcinoma confined to the tongue and floor of the mouth. Am J Surg. 1986;152:345–350
  18. Jones KR, Lodge-Rigal RD, Reddick RL, Tudor GE, Shockley WW. Prognostic factors in the recurrence of stage I and II squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:483–485
  19. Fukano H, Matsuura H, Hasegawa Y, Nakamura S. Depth of invasion as a predictive factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in tongue carcinoma. Head Neck. 1997;19:205–210
  20. Nason RW, Castillo NB, Sako K, Shedd DP. Cervical node metastases in early squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth (predictive value of multiple histopathologic parameters). World J Surg. 1990;14:606–609
  21. Briggs RJ, Pienta KJ, Hruban RH, Richtsmeier WJ. Nuclear morphometry for prediction of metastatic potential in early squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:531–533
  22. Houck JR, Medina JE. Management of cervical lymph nodes in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck. Semin Surg Oncol. 1995;11:228–239
  23. Martinez-Gimeno C, Rodriguez EM, Vila CN, Varela CL. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (a clinicopathologic scoring system for evaluating risk of cervical lymph node metastasis). Laryngoscope. 1995;105:728–733
  24. Wong RJ, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A, Shah JP. Occult cervical metastasis in head and neck cancer and its impact on therapy. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122:107–114
  25. Ferlito A, Shaha AR, Rinaldo A. The incidence of lymph node micrometastases in patients pathologically staged N0 in cancer of oral cavity and oropharynx. Oral Oncol. 2002;38:3–5
  26. Ferlito A, Partridge M, Brennan J, Hamakawa H. Lymph node micrometastases in head and neck cancer (a review). Acta Otolaryngol. 2001;121:660–665
  27. van den Brekel MW, Stel HV, van der Valk P, van der Waal I, Meyer GJ, Snow GB. Micrometastases from squamous cell carcinoma in neck dissection specimens. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1992;249:349–353
  28. Ambrosch P, Kron M, Fischer G, Brinck U. Micrometastases in carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract (detection, risk of metastasizing, and prognostic value of depth of invasion). Head Neck. 1995;17:473–479
  29. Hamakawa H, Takemura K, Sumida T, Kayahara H, Tanioka H, Sogawa K. Histological study on pN upgrading of oral cancer. Virchows Arch. 2000;437:116–121
  30. el-Naggar AK, Lai S, Luna MA, Zhou XD, Weber RS, Goepfert H, et al.  Sequential p53 mutation analysis of pre-invasive and invasive head and neck squamous carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1995;64:196–201
  31. Bellacosa A, Almadori G, Cavallo S, Cadoni , Galli J, Ferrandina G, et al.  Cyclin D1 gene amplification in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (prognostic significance and clinical implications). Clin Cancer Res. 1996;2:175–180
  32. Grandis JR, Melhem MF, Gooding WE, Day R, Holst VA, Wagener MM, et al.  Levels of TGF-alpha and EGFR protein in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and patient survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:824–832
  33. Takes RP, Baatenburg De Jong RJ, Alles MJ, Meevwis CA, Marres HA, Kneqt PP, et al.  Markers for nodal metastasis in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:512–518
  34. Girod SC, Cesarz D, Fischer U, Krueger GR. Detection of p53 and MDM2 protein expression in head and neck carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1995;15:1453–1457
  35. Brennan JA, Sidransky D. Molecular staging of head and neck squamous carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1996;15:3–10
  36. Muller D, Millon R, Lidereau R, Engelmann A, Bronner G, Flesch H, et al.  Frequent amplification of 11q13 DNA markers is associated with lymph node involvement in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;2:113–120
  37. Takes RP, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Schuuring E, Hermans J, Vis AA, Litvinov SV, et al.  Markers for assessment of nodal metastasis in laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:412–419
  38. Ali S, Tiwari RM, Snow GB. False-positive and false-negative neck nodes. Head Neck Surg. 1985;8:78–82
  39. Weiss MH, Harrison LB, Isaacs RS. Use of decision analysis in planning a management strategy for the stage N0 neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:699–702
  40. Steinkamp HJ, Cornehl M, Hosten N, Pegios W, Vogl T, Felix R. Cervical lymphadenopathy (ratio of long- to short-axis diameter as a predictor of malignancy). Br J Radiol. 1995;68:266–270
  41. Knappe M, Louw M, Gregor RT. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the assessment of cervical metastases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:1091–1096
  42. Righi PD, Kopecky KK, Caldemeyer KS, Ball VA, Weisberger EC, Radpour S. Comparison of ultrasound-fine needle aspiration and computed tomography in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. Head Neck. 1997;19:604–610
  43. Som PM. Detection of metastasis in cervical lymph nodes (CT and MR criteria and differential diagnosis). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158:961–969
  44. Yousem DM, Som PM, Hackney DB, Schwaibold F, Hendrix RA. Central nodal necrosis and extracapsular neoplastic spread in cervical lymph nodes (MR imaging versus CT). Radiology. 1992;182:753–759
  45. Nakasone Y, Inoue T, Oriuchi N, Takeuchi K, Negishi A, Endo K, et al.  The role of whole-body FDG-PET in preoperative assessment of tumor staging in oral cancers. Ann Nucl Med. 2001;15:505–512
  46. Stoeckli SJ, Steinert H, Pfaltz M, Schmid S. Is there a role for positron emission tomography with 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose in the initial staging of nodal negative oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2002;24:345–349
  47. Vikram B, Strong EW, Shah JP, Spiro R. Failure at distant sites following multimodality treatment for advanced head and neck cancer. Head Neck Surg. 1984;6:730–733
  48. Leemans CR, Tiwari R, Nauta JJ, van der Waal I, Snow GB. Regional lymph node involvement and its significance in the development of distant metastases in head and neck carcinoma. Cancer. 1993;71:452–456
  49. Nishijima W, Takooda S, Tokita N, Takayama S, Sakura M. Analyses of distant metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and lesions above the clavicle at autopsy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:65–68
  50. Calhoun KH, Fulmer P, Weiss R, Hokanson JA. Distant metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Laryngoscope. 1994;104:1199–1205
  51. Kotwall C, Sako K, Razack MS, Rao U, Bakamjian V, Shedd DP. Metastatic patterns in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Am J Surg. 1987;154:439–442
  52. Zbaren P, Lehmann W. Frequency and sites of distant metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. An analysis of 101 cases at autopsy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987;113:762–764
  53. Myers EN, Alvi A. Management of carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx (evolution, current concepts, and future trends). Laryngoscope. 1996;106:559–567
  54. Alvi A, Johnson JT. Development of distant metastasis after treatment of advanced-stage head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 1997;19:500–505
  55. Myers JN, Greenberg JS, Mo V, Roberts D. Extracapsular spread. A significant predictor of treatment failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Cancer. 2001;92:3030–3036
  56. de Carvalho MB. Quantitative analysis of the extent of extracapsular invasion and its prognostic significance (a prospective study of 170 cases of carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx). Head Neck. 1998;20:16–21
  57. Adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced head and neck squamous carcinoma. Final report of the Head and Neck Contracts Program. Cancer. 1987;60:301–311
  58. Robbins KT, Kumar P, Regine WF, Wong FS, Weir AB, Flick P, et al.  Efficacy of targeted supradose cisplatin and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced head and neck cancer (the Memphis experience). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38:263–271
  59. Taneja C, Allen H, Koness RJ, Radie-Keane K, Wanebo HJ. Changing patterns of failure of head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:324–327
  60. Haddadin KJ, Soutar DS, Webster MH, Robertson AG, Oliver RJ, MacDonald DG. Natural history and patterns of recurrence of tongue tumours. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:279–285
  61. The Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1685–1690
  62. Lefebvre JL, Chevalier D, Luboinski B, Kirkpatrick A, Collette L, Sahmoud T. Larynx preservation in pyriform sinus cancer (preliminary results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial. EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group). J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:890–899

PII: S1368-8375(02)00049-0

doi: 10.1016/S1368-8375(02)00049-0

Oral Oncology
Volume 39, Issue 3 , Pages 207-212 , April 2003

Article Tools